Commonwealth of England

The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth", adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650–1652.

After: Oliver Cromwell; Stuart Restoration
Before: Second English Civil War
Capital: enLondon
Caption: Flags of the English Interregnum
CoaSize: enx100px
Comment: enThe Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth", adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650–1652.
CommonLanguages: Early Modern English; Early Modern Irish; Scots language; Scottish Gaelic; Welsh language
CommonName: enCommonwealth of England
ConventionalLongName: enCommonwealth of England
Currency: Irish pound
Currency: Irish pound
Currency: Pound Scots
Currency: Pound Scots
Currency: Pound sterling
Currency: Pound sterling
DateEnd: --04-04; --12-16
DateStart: --05-19; --05-25
Depiction
End: 1660
EventEnd: Declaration of Breda; Instrument of Government
EventStart: enDeclaration; enR. Cromwell's resignation
FlagP: enFlag of England.svg; enRoyal Standard of Ireland .svg; enStandard of Oliver Cromwell .svg
FlagS: enFlag of England.svg; enFlag of Scotland.svg; enRoyal Standard of Ireland .svg; enStandard of Oliver Cromwell .svg
FlagSize: enx100px
GovernmentType: Commonwealth; Directorial system; Unitary state
Government type: Commonwealth; Unitary state
Group: enlower-alpha
Has abstract: enThe Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I. The republic's existence was declared through "An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth", adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them, in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650–1652. In 1653, after dissolution of the Rump Parliament, the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government which made Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united "Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland", inaugurating the period now usually known as the Protectorate. After Cromwell's death, and following a brief period of rule under his son, Richard Cromwell, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled, starting a process that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 – called by some the Interregnum – although for other historians, the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell's formal assumption of power in 1653. In retrospect, the period of republican rule for England was a failure in the short term. During the 11-year period, no stable government was established to rule the English state for longer than a few months at a time. Several administrative structures were tried, and several Parliaments called and seated, but little in the way of meaningful, lasting legislation was passed. The only force keeping it together was the personality of Oliver Cromwell, who exerted control through the military by way of the "Grandees", being the Major-Generals and other senior military leaders of the New Model Army. Not only did Cromwell's regime crumble into near anarchy upon his death and the brief administration of his son, but the monarchy he overthrew was restored in 1660, and its first act was officially to erase all traces of any constitutional reforms of the Republican period. Still, the memory of the Parliamentarian cause, dubbed the Good Old Cause by the soldiers of the New Model Army, lingered on. It would carry through English politics and eventually result in a constitutional monarchy. The Commonwealth period is better remembered for the military success of Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell, and the New Model Army. Besides resounding victories in the English Civil War, the reformed Navy under the command of Robert Blake defeated the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War which marked the first step towards England's naval supremacy. In Ireland, the Commonwealth period is remembered for Cromwell's brutal subjugation of the Irish, which continued the policies of the Tudor and Stuart periods.
Homepage: Archontology.org
Hypernym: Period
ImageCoat: enArms of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.svg; enArms of the Commonwealth of England.svg
ImageFlag: enFlag of the Commonwealth .svg
ImageMap: enCommonwealth of England .png; enUK of Britain & Ireland in Europe.png
ImageMapCaption: enTerritory claimed by the Commonwealth in 1653; enTerritory of the Commonwealth in 1660
Is primary topic of: Commonwealth of England
Label: enCommonwealth of England
Leaders: Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell
Legislature: Rump Parliament
Legislature: Rump Parliament
Link from a Wikipage to an external page: www.archontology.org/nations/scotland/01_laws.php; books.google.com/books%3Fid=WletMznpNO4C&pg=PA39; www.xn--britishhistory-m82h.ac.uk/no%E2%80%93series/acts%E2%80%93ordinances%E2%80%93interregnum/pp18%E2%80%9320; www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx%3Fcompid=56416; www.CromwellCoins.com
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage: Act of Uniformity 1558; Advowson; Anglo-Scottish war of 1650–1652; Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660); Army Council (1647); Barebone's Parliament; Blue law; British Interregnum; Category:1649 establishments in England; Category:1649 establishments in Wales; Category:1652 establishments in Ireland; Category:1652 establishments in Scotland; Category:1660 disestablishments in England; Category:1660 disestablishments in Ireland; Category:1660 disestablishments in Scotland; Category:1660 disestablishments in Wales; Category:17th century in Great Britain; Category:English Civil War; Category:Former countries in Europe; Category:Former countries in the British Isles; Category:Former republics; Category:Interregnum (1649–1660); Category:Interregnum (England); Category:Republicanism in England; Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom; Category:Scottish republicanism; Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1660s; Category:States and territories established in 1649; Category:Stuart England; Charles Fleetwood; Charles II of England; Charles I of England; Church of England; Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of England; Command of the sea; Common law; Commonwealth; Commonwealth of Nations; Constitutional monarchy; Convention Parliament (1660); Covenanters; Cromwellian conquest of Ireland; Declaration of Breda; Directorial system; Early Modern English; Early Modern Irish; English Civil War; English Committee of Safety; English Council of State; Execution of Charles I; Fifth Monarchists; File:An Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State (1649).pdf; File:Arms of the Protectorate (1653–1659).svg; File:Commonwealth Unite 1653 692157.jpg; First Anglo-Dutch War; First Protectorate Parliament; Flags of the English Interregnum; Gentry; George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle; Good Old Cause; Grandee; High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I; House of Lords; Humble Petition and Advice; Instrument of Government; Interregnum (1649–1660); Ireland; Irish pound; John Lambert (general); Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate; Landed gentry; Latin; Law French; Levellers; List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660; London theatre closure 1642; Long Parliament; Lord Protector; Lord Protector (Cromwell); Major-General; Martial law; New Model Army; Oak Apple Day; Oliver Cromwell; Pound Scots; Pound sterling; Praise-God Barebone; Presbyterianism; Pride's Purge; Privy Council of England; Regicide; Republicanism in the United Kingdom; Richard Cromwell; Richard Ingoldsby; Robert Blake (admiral); Rule of the Major-Generals; Rump Parliament; Saltire; Scotland; Scots language; Scottish Gaelic; Second English Civil War; Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom); Stuart Restoration; Tender of Union; The Protectorate; Third English Civil War; Third Protectorate Parliament; Thomas Fairfax; Thomas Harrison (soldier); Tithe; Unitary state; United Kingdom; Wales; Welsh language
Name: enCommonwealth of England
Name: enCommonwealth of England
P: enCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland; enKingdom of England; enKingdom of Ireland
Rows: 2
S: enCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland; enKingdom of England; enKingdom of Ireland; enKingdom of Scotland
SameAs: 244828187
SameAs: 244828187; 34AaL; 7504658-1; Anglická republika; Commonwealth (republika); Commonwealth (republika); Commonwealth d'Anglaterra; Commonwealth d'Angletèrra; Commonwealth d'Angleterre; Commonwealth d'Inghilterra; Commonwealth Engleske; Commonwealth of England; Commonwealth of England; Commonwealth of England; Commonwealthul Angliei; Comunidade da Inglaterra; Det engelske samveldet; Engelse Gemenebest; Engelska samväldet; Enska samveldið; Gemenebes van Engeland; Gwerinlywodraeth Lloegr; İngiltere Topluluğu; İngiltərə Respublikası; Inglise vabariik; Komanwel England; Komunumo de Anglio; m.0210n; Mancomunidá d'Inglaterra; Mancomunidad de Inglaterra; Mienebêst Ingelân; Persemakmuran Inggris; Q330362; Republika Angielska; Thịnh vượng chung Anh; Κοινοπολιτεία της Αγγλίας; Английска република; Английская республика; Англійская рэспубліка; Англійська республіка; Комонвелт Енглеске; الكومنولث الإنكليزي; انگلستان دی دولت مشترکہ; انگلستان کی دولت مشترکہ; اینگیلیس توْپلولوغو; جمهوری انگلستان; பொதுநலவாய இங்கிலாந்து; เครือจักรภพแห่งอังกฤษ; ინგლისის თანამეგობრობა; イングランド共和国; 英格兰共和国; 잉글랜드 연방
SeeAlso: First Protectorate Parliament
Start: 1649
Subject: Category:1649 establishments in England; Category:1649 establishments in Wales; Category:1652 establishments in Ireland; Category:1652 establishments in Scotland; Category:1660 disestablishments in England; Category:1660 disestablishments in Ireland; Category:1660 disestablishments in Scotland; Category:1660 disestablishments in Wales; Category:17th century in Great Britain; Category:English Civil War; Category:Former countries in Europe; Category:Former countries in the British Isles; Category:Former republics; Category:Interregnum (1649–1660); Category:Interregnum (England); Category:Republicanism in England; Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom; Category:Scottish republicanism; Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1660s; Category:States and territories established in 1649; Category:Stuart England
SymbolType: enArms
SymbolTypeArticle: enRoyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom#Union of the Crowns and the Commonwealth
Thumbnail
Title: enCommonwealth of England
Today: Ireland; United Kingdom
WasDerivedFrom: Commonwealth of England?oldid=1124621857&ns=0
WikiPageLength: 29672
Wikipage page ID: 7129
Wikipage revision ID: 1124621857
WikiPageUsesTemplate: Template:About; Template:Anchor; Template:Authority control; Template:Citation; Template:Distinguish; Template:English monarchs; Template:History of England; Template:Infobox country; Template:Infobox historical era; Template:Main; Template:Reflist; Template:S-aft; Template:S-bef; Template:See also; Template:S-end; Template:Sfn; Template:SfnRef; Template:Short description; Template:Small; Template:S-start; Template:S-ttl; Template:Ubl; Template:Use British English; Template:Use dmy dates; Template:Wikisource
YearEnd: 1653; 1660
Years: 1649; 1659
YearStart: 1649; 1659

Commonwealth of England

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