Solar neutrino problem

The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002. Several neutrino detectors aiming at different flavors, energies, and traveled distance contributed to our present knowledge of neutrinos. In 2002 and 2015, a total of four researchers related to some of these detectors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Comment
enThe solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002. Several neutrino detectors aiming at different flavors, energies, and traveled distance contributed to our present knowledge of neutrinos. In 2002 and 2015, a total of four researchers related to some of these detectors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Has abstract
enThe solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002. The flux of neutrinos at Earth is several tens of billions per square centimetre per second, mostly from the Sun's core. They are nevertheless hard to detect, because they interact very weakly with matter, traversing the whole Earth as light does a thin layer of air. Of the three types (flavors) of neutrinos known in the Standard Model of particle physics, the Sun produces only electron neutrinos. When neutrino detectors became sensitive enough to measure the flow of electron neutrinos from the Sun, the number detected was much lower than predicted. In various experiments, the number deficit was between one half and two thirds. Particle physicists knew that a mechanism, discussed back in 1957 by Bruno Pontecorvo, could explain the deficit in electron neutrinos. However, they hesitated to accept it for various reasons, including the fact that it required a modification of the accepted Standard Model. They first pointed at the solar model for adjustment, which was ruled out. Today it is accepted that the neutrinos produced in the Sun are not massless particles as predicted by the Standard Model but rather mixed quantum states made up of defined-mass eigenstates in different (complex) proportions. That allows a neutrino produced as a pure electron neutrino to change during propagation into a mixture of electron, muon and tau neutrinos, with a reduced probability of being detected by a detector sensitive to only electron neutrinos. Several neutrino detectors aiming at different flavors, energies, and traveled distance contributed to our present knowledge of neutrinos. In 2002 and 2015, a total of four researchers related to some of these detectors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Hypernym
Discrepancy
Is primary topic of
Solar neutrino problem
Label
enSolar neutrino problem
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www.symmetrymag.org/cms/%3Fpid=1000119
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/neutrino/dete-01.html
nobelprize.org/physics/articles/bahcall/
www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/
lynneslair.com/neutrino/
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/neutrino/
cupp.oulu.fi/neutrino/nd-sol2.html
math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/solar_neutrino.html
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Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov
Alpha particle
Arthur B. McDonald
Bruno Pontecorvo
Category:Neutrinos
Category:Particle physics
Category:Sun
Category:Unsolved problems in astronomy
Cherenkov radiation
Complex number
Cosmic ray
Earth
Electron neutrino
Energy spectrum
Flavour (particle physics)
Flux
Gamma ray
Heavy water
Helioseismology
Herbert H. Chen
Homestake Experiment
Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (detector)
John N. Bahcall
Kamiokande
Kamioka Observatory
Kinetic energy
Luminosity
Masatoshi Koshiba
Mass
Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect
Mixed quantum state
Muon neutrino
Neutrino
Neutrino detector
Neutrino oscillation
Neutrinos
Nobel Prize for Physics
Nobel Prize in Physics
Nuclear fusion
Particle physics
Positron
Pressure
Proton
Proton–proton chain reaction
Raymond Davis Jr.
SN 1987A
Solar neutrino
Standard Model
Standard solar model
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Sun
Sun's core
Super-Kamiokande
Supernova
Supernova neutrinos
Takaaki Kajita
Tau neutrino
Temperature
Tetrachloroethylene
SameAs
2x5Ls
Fadhb neoidríonónna na Gréine
m.06xcr
Masalah neutrino surya
Napneutrínó-probléma
Problema dei neutrini solari
Problema de los neutrinos solares
Problema dels neutrins solars
Problema dos neutrinos solares
Problème des neutrinos solaires
Problem neutrin słonecznych
Problem Sunčevih neutrina
Q31937
Solar neutrino problem
Solar nötrino problemi
Solnøytrinoproblemet
Проблема солнечных нейтрино
Проблема сонячних нейтрино
Проблем соларних неутрина
مسئله نوترینوی خورشیدی
مشكلة نيوترينو الشمس
സോളാർ ന്യൂട്രിനോ പ്രോബ്ലം
太阳中微子问题
太陽ニュートリノ問題
Subject
Category:Neutrinos
Category:Particle physics
Category:Sun
Category:Unsolved problems in astronomy
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