| 40333 |
Creator |
ce5b733bb54d91c76a73d8adcb28edd9 |
| 40333 |
Creator |
ext-6184e0f3ecb17c97d57550396d057ad8 |
| 40333 |
Creator |
ext-fec29d79b84ffec3cf24ab7671099140 |
| 40333 |
Date |
2012-01-01 |
| 40333 |
Is Part Of |
repository |
| 40333 |
abstract |
Global land area under agriculture has expanded by 3% over the last quarter century,
occupying nearly 40% of the Earth's land surface (FAO, 2010). This expansion has been
driven by increasing demand for food by the growing world population as well as by
increasing standards of living in rapidly developing economies such as India and China
(Hubacek <i>et al.</i>, 2007). Requirement of more land for agriculture has caused
deforestation and forest degradation in many parts of the world leading to a corresponding
3% decrease in forests globally over the last 20 years (FAO, 2010). The expansion
of land area under agriculture has also been accompanied by intensification of land
use over the last four decades (Rudel <i>et al.</i>, 2009), with an emphasis on obtaining
maximum possible yield per hectare (Khush, 2001; Godray <i>et al.</i>, 2010a). In
pursuit of efficiency, such agriculture has relied on the use of heavy machinery and
agrochemicals in the form of fertilisers and pesticides, often making agricultural
land inhospitable for biodiversity (Tilman <i>et al.</i>, 2001; Geiger <i>et al.</i>,
2010). ...
<br></br><br></br>
The quest for maintaining biodiversity in oil palm plantation landscapes has thus
led to two sets of solutions: one at the landscape scale and the other at the plantation
scale. The landscape scale solutions have included measures such as maintaining high
conservation value forests (Fitzherbert <i>et al.</i>, 2008) while plantation-scale
solutions have included mixed cropping or agroforestry (Bhagwat and Willis, 2009).
A combination of these has also been suggested to design oil palm plantation landscapes
(Koh <i>et al.</i>, 2009). Alongside enhancing ecological conditions in plantations,
however, attention needs to be paid to social and economic conditions of local human
populations, including plantation workers - issues that have been largely overlooked
in the discourse on oil palm sustainability (Rist <i>et al.</i>, 2010). While large-scale
industrial planations are efficient and therefore favoured by the palm oil industry,
this model of plantation management is not necessarily suitable for smallholder planters,
working at a different scale and with fewer resources (Vermeulen and Goad, 2006).
Equally, monoculture management is often quite alien to smallholder farmers and does
not necessarily enhance their standard of living (Koczberksi and Curry, 2005; Rist
<i>et al.</i>, 2010). Here we review oil palm agriculture in the context of social
and economic equity in addition to ecological sustainability and argue that smallholder-managed
"wildlife friendly" plantations might hold the key to achieving the three aspects
of sustainablity within this agricultural industry: ecological, social and economic.
In addressing the sustainability of oil palm plantation landscapes, we examine first
ways proposed for enhancing ecological conditions; second their implications for enhancing
the social and economic conditions of people living in these landscapes; and third
challenges and opportunities for oil palm agriculture in the future. |
| 40333 |
authorList |
authors |
| 40333 |
editorList |
editors |
| 40333 |
status |
peerReviewed |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239584 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239585 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239586 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239587 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239588 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/239589 |
| 40333 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/240581 |
| 40333 |
type |
Article |
| 40333 |
type |
BookSection |
| 40333 |
label |
Bhagwat, Shonil A. ; Cole, Lydia E. S. and Willis, Katherine J. (2012). Biodiversity
conservation, rural livelihoods and sustainability of oil palm landscapes: problems
and prospects. In: Simonetti, Javier A; Grez, Audrey A and Estades, Christian F eds.
Biodiversity Conservation In Agroforestry Landscapes: Challenges And Opportunities.
Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, pp. 117–130. |
| 40333 |
label |
Bhagwat, Shonil A. ; Cole, Lydia E. S. and Willis, Katherine J. (2012). Biodiversity
conservation, rural livelihoods and sustainability of oil palm landscapes: problems
and prospects. In: Simonetti, Javier A; Grez, Audrey A and Estades, Christian F eds.
Biodiversity Conservation In Agroforestry Landscapes: Challenges And Opportunities.
Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, pp. 117–130. |
| 40333 |
Publisher |
ext-f3635b5e59a8bec684d5f87d130016ea |
| 40333 |
Title |
Biodiversity conservation, rural livelihoods and sustainability of oil palm landscapes:
problems and prospects |
| 40333 |
in dataset |
oro |