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Creator |
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Creator |
ext-eeecbe908d7e2efe9e7957acad992194 |
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Creator |
ext-2cbb2665d3a16a4667d46279798419a6 |
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Creator |
ext-00607d23f79b22f5be7fc502451048fc |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-19e1a358ebcac36f0fe6132a1a91497e |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-1f6ccc1d520203b9fce97876074913ff |
| 37004 |
Creator |
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| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-7b79dbb731eb8fe2d8bfde21b5e3412f |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-ba3ca29ca0586f9fe131c5f07138e046 |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-c22653e933427a708eff39c0cf971d03 |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-cceef25a4f1b1fcce2e7d4105bf7bd0d |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-d93494a613bd4a8705e901e679f47f8c |
| 37004 |
Creator |
ext-eaada42712962b1722ac116ed5969e01 |
| 37004 |
Date |
2011 |
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Is Part Of |
repository |
| 37004 |
Is Part Of |
p13652664 |
| 37004 |
abstract |
1. Agricultural intensification reduces ecological resilience of land-use systems,
whereas paradoxically, environmental change and climate extremes require a higher
response capacity than ever. Adaptation strategies to environmental change include
maintenance of shade trees in tropical agroforestry, but conversion of shaded to unshaded
systems is common practice to increase short-term yield.
<br></br><br></br>
2. In this paper, we review the short-term and long-term ecological benefits of shade
trees in coffee <i>Coffea arabica, C. canephora</i> and cacao <i>Theobroma cacao</i>
agroforestry and emphasize the poorly understood, multifunctional role of shade trees
for farmers and conservation alike.
<br></br><br></br>
3. Both coffee and cacao are tropical understorey plants. Shade trees in agroforestry
enhance functional biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soil fertility, drought resistance
as well as weed and biological pest control. However, shade is needed for young cacao
trees only and is less important in
older cacao plantations. This changing response to shade regime with cacao plantation
age often results in a transient role for shade and associated biodiversity in agroforestry.
<br></br><br></br>
4. Abandonment of old, unshaded cacao in favour of planting young cacao in new, thinned
forest sites can be named ‘short-term cacao boom-and-bust cycle’, which counteracts
tropical forest conservation. In a ‘long-term cacao boom-and-bust cycle’, cacao boom
can be followed by cacao bust due to unmanageable pest and pathogen levels (e.g. in
Brazil and Malaysia). Higher pest densities can result from physiological stress in
unshaded cacao and from the larger cacao area planted. Risk-averse farmers avoid long-termvulnerability
of their agroforestry systems by keeping shade as an insurance against insect pest
outbreaks, whereas yield-maximizing farmers reduce shade and aim at short-termmonetary
benefits.
<br></br><br></br>
5. <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Sustainable agroforestry management needs to
conserve or create a diverse layer of multi-purpose shade trees that can be pruned
rather than removed when crops mature. Incentives from payment-for-ecosystem services
and certification schemes encourage
farmers to keep high to medium shade tree cover. Reducing pesticide spraying protects
functional agrobiodiversity such as antagonists of pests and diseases, pollinating
midges determining cacao yields and pollinating bees enhancing coffee yield. In a
landscape perspective, natural forest alongside agroforestry allows noncrop-crop spillover
of a diversity of functionally important organisms.
Knowledge transfer between farmers, agronomists and ecologists in a participatory
approach helps to encourage a shade management regime that balances economic and ecological
needs and provides a ‘diversified food-and-cash crop’ livelihood strategy. |
| 37004 |
authorList |
authors |
| 37004 |
issue |
3 |
| 37004 |
status |
peerReviewed |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/141873 |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/141885 |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/141886 |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/141887 |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/141888 |
| 37004 |
uri |
http://data.open.ac.uk/oro/document/143072 |
| 37004 |
volume |
48 |
| 37004 |
type |
AcademicArticle |
| 37004 |
type |
Article |
| 37004 |
label |
Tscharntke, Teja; Clough, Yann; Bhagwat, Shonil A. ; Buchori, Damayanti; Faust,
Heiko; Hertel, Dietrich; Hölscher, Dirk; Juhrbandt, Jana; Kessler, Michael; Perfecto,
Ivette; Scherber, Christoph; Schroth, Götz; Veldkamp, Edzo and Wanger, Thomas C. (2011).
Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes - a review.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(3) pp. 619–629. |
| 37004 |
label |
Tscharntke, Teja; Clough, Yann; Bhagwat, Shonil A. ; Buchori, Damayanti; Faust, Heiko;
Hertel, Dietrich; Hölscher, Dirk; Juhrbandt, Jana; Kessler, Michael; Perfecto, Ivette;
Scherber, Christoph; Schroth, Götz; Veldkamp, Edzo and Wanger, Thomas C. (2011).
Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes - a review.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(3) pp. 619–629. |
| 37004 |
sameAs |
j.1365-2664.2010.01939.x |
| 37004 |
Title |
Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes - a review |
| 37004 |
in dataset |
oro |