History of science

History of science

The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Science's earliest roots can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia around 3000 to 1200 BCE. These civilizations' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine influenced later Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, wherein formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Latin-speaking Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but continued to thrive in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) E

Comment
enThe history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Science's earliest roots can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia around 3000 to 1200 BCE. These civilizations' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine influenced later Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, wherein formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Latin-speaking Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but continued to thrive in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) E
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AdamSmith.jpg
Albert Einstein (Nobel).png
Antikythera mechanism.svg
Archimedes pi.svg
CMS Higgs-event.jpg
Cour mosquee Suleymaniye Istanbul.jpg
Darwin tree.png
DIMendeleevCab.jpg
Divinatory livers Louvre AO19837.jpg
EastHanSeismograph.jpg
GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg
Islamic MedText c1500.jpg
Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg
Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg
Painting of Volta by Bertini (photo).jpeg
PEbers c41-bc.jpg
Plato's Academy mosaic from Pompeii.jpg
QtubIronPillar.jpg
Roger-bacon-statue.jpg
Sea island survey.jpg
Su Song Star Map 1.jpg
Template from Crick and Watson’s DNA molecular model, 1953. (9660573227).jpg
Trinity Test Fireball 25ms.jpg
ViennaDioscoridesFolio3v7Physicians.jpg
Wegener Expedition-1930 008.jpg
Has abstract
enThe history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. Science's earliest roots can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia around 3000 to 1200 BCE. These civilizations' contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine influenced later Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, wherein formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Latin-speaking Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but continued to thrive in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire. Aided by translations of Greek texts, the Hellenistic worldview was preserved and absorbed into the Arabic-speaking Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived the learning of natural philosophy in the West. Natural philosophy was transformed during the Scientific Revolution in 16th- to 17th-century Europe, as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The New Science that emerged was more mechanistic in its worldview, more integrated with mathematics, and more reliable and open as its knowledge was based on a newly defined scientific method. More "revolutions" in subsequent centuries soon followed. The chemical revolution of the 18th century, for instance, introduced new quantitative methods and measurements for chemistry. In the 19th century, new perspectives regarding the conservation of energy, age of Earth, and evolution came into focus. And in the 20th century, new discoveries in genetics and physics laid the foundations for new subdisciplines such as molecular biology and particle physics. Moreover, industrial and military concerns as well as the increasing complexity of new research endeavors ushered in the era of "big science," particularly after the Second World War.
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19th century in science
2000s in science and technology
Abbasid caliphate
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Abiogenesis
Abraham Werner
Academic freedom
Action potentials
Adad-apla-iddina
Adam Sedgwick
Adam Smith
Africa (Roman province)
Age of Discovery
Age of Earth
Age of Enlightenment
Age of the universe
Aggregate demand
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Airplane
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
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Albert Einstein
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Animal behavior
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Avicenna
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Baghdad
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Baruch Spinoza
Behaviorism
Behavioural sciences
Bell Labs
Benjamin Farrington
Benjamin Franklin
Benoît de Maillet
Bernard Katz
Bhāskara II
Big Bang
Big science
Big Science
Biochemistry
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Bi Sheng
Bitumen
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Book of Optics
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Cairo
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Category:History of science
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Charter
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Chemical revolution
Chemistry
Chen-Ning Yang
Chien-Shiung Wu
Christiaan Huygens
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Christopher Columbus
Cicero
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Classical antiquity
Classical conditioning
Classical economics
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Clay tablet
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Complex variable
Computability theory (computer science)
Computational complexity theory
Computer hardware
Computer networking
Computers
Computer science
Condemnation of 1277
Conflict theory
Conflict thesis
Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
Constantinople
Cosmos
Counter-Reformation
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Crusades
Crystal
Crystal habit
Crystallography
Cultural anthropologist
Cultural anthropology
Culture
Cuneiform
Cunning folk
Cyclotron
Database
David Hume
David Rioch
De Anima
Decimal
Decimal digit
Decimal separator
Deductive reasoning
Deepak Kumar (historian)
De humani corporis fabrica
Democritus
Denis Diderot
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
Descartes
Diamond
Discovery of nuclear fission
Discrete mathematics
Divination
Division of labour
Dmitri Mendeleev
DNA
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Theology
Donald Prothero
Drydock
Duns Scotus
Early Islamic philosophy
Early modern period
Earth science
Eastern Roman Empire
East Semitic
Ebers Papyrus
Ecology
Economics
Ecosystem ecology
Edmond Halley
Edward Titchener
Edwin Hubble
Edwin Smith papyrus
Egyptian medical papyri
Egyptian medicine
Eilmer of Malmesbury
Electrical engineering
Electricity
Electromagnetism
Ellipse
Émile Durkheim
Empirical
Empirical method
Empiricism
Encyclopedia
Encyclopédie
Engineering
Engraver
Entrepreneurship
Epicurus
Epistemology
Eratosthenes
Eric Kandel
Ernest O. Lawrence
Ernst Haeckel
Erving Goffman
Erwin Schrödinger
Esagil-kin-apli
Escapement
Ethnology
Euclid
Euclid's elements
Evolution
Evolutionary anthropology
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
Exorcism
Faience
Fall of Constantinople
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Fauna
Feminist theory
Fengshanche
Ferdinand Cohn
Fiber-optic network
Fields of science
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File:AdamSmith.jpg
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File:Antikythera mechanism.svg
File:Archimedes pi.svg
File:CMS Higgs-event.jpg
File:Cour mosquee Suleymaniye Istanbul.jpg
File:Darwin tree.png
File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg
File:Divinatory livers Louvre AO19837.jpg
File:EastHanSeismograph.JPG
File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg
File:Islamic MedText c1500.jpg
File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg
File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg
File:Painting of Volta by Bertini (photo).jpeg
File:PEbers c41-bc.jpg
File:Plato's Academy mosaic from Pompeii.jpg
File:QtubIronPillar.JPG
File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg
File:Sea island survey.jpg
File:Su Song Star Map 1.JPG
File:Template from Crick and Watson’s DNA molecular model, 1953. (9660573227).jpg
File:Trinity Test Fireball 25ms.jpg
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File:Wegener Expedition-1930 008.jpg
FitzHugh–Nagumo model
Flora
Fluid statics
Folk remedies
Formal science
Fossil
Fossils
Francis Bacon (philosopher)
Francis Crick
Francis O. Schmitt
François Englert
Franz Boas
Friar
Friedrich Wöhler
Fritz Strassmann
Function of a real variable
Galen
Galileo affair
Galileo Galilei
Gallows
Galvanism
Game theory
Gansu
Gaseous diffusion
General relativity
Genetic engineering
Genetic material
Genetics
Genome
Geocentric model
Geography
Geometry
Geomorphology
Geophysics
Geopolitics
George Gamow
George Herbert Mead
George Rousseau
Georges Cuvier
Georges Lemaître
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
Georg Ohm
Georg Simmel
Gerald Guralnik
Germ theory of disease
Giovanni Aldini
Gnomon
Gottfried Leibniz
Graving dock
Gravity
Greece in the Roman era
Greek East and Latin West
Greek historiography
Greek language
Gregorian calendar
Gregor Mendel
Handmaiden
Hardness
Haruspicy
Heart
Heliocentrism
Hellenistic age
Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenization
Henry Norris Russell
Henry Smith Williams
Herbert Blumer
Heresy
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Herodotus
Herophilos
Higgs boson
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Hipparchus
Hippocrates
Hippocratic Oath
Historiography
History
History and Philosophy of Science
History of alchemy
History of astronomy
History of biology
History of chemistry
History of mathematics
History of measurement
History of philosophy
History of physics
History of religion
History of scholarship
History of science and technology
History of science and technology in China
History of science policy
History of technology
History of the social sciences
Hodgkin–Huxley model
Holmdel Horn Antenna
Horner's method
Horse collar
Hugh Williamson
Hulagu Khan
Human Genome Project
Humboldtian science
Hydraulics
Hypercomplex number
Ibn al-Haytham
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn al-Shatir
Ice age
Ignaz Semmelweis
Ijazah
Immanuel Kant
Imperial China
Imperial College London
Impression management
Imre Lakatos
Incandescent light bulb
Incantation
Index fossil
Indus Valley Civilisation
Inertia
Information Age
Institution
Internet
Invisible hand
Ionian School (philosophy)
Iron
Iron Age India
Isaac Newton
Isidore of Miletus
Islamic astronomy
Islamic Golden Age
Islamic science
Italian Renaissance
Ivan Pavlov
Jābir ibn Hayyān
James Clerk Maxwell
James D. Watson
James Hutton
Jean Buridan
Jean-Étienne Guettard
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jesuit China missions
Jia Xian
Johannes Kepler
Johann Gottfried Herder
John A. Wheeler
John B. Watson
John Calvin
John Dalton
John Maynard Keynes
John Philoponus
John Walker (natural historian)
John Walsh (scientist)
John William Draper
Jonas Salk
Joseph Agassi
Joseph Black
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister
Joseph Needham
Journal des sçavans
Julius Caesar
Kaifeng
Kamiokande
Karl Marx
Karl Weierstrass
Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
Keynesian economics
Kidinnu
Kinematics
Labor theory of value
Lapidaries
Large Hadron Collider
Laser
Laskill
Latin
Latin translations of the 12th century
Law of superposition
Lawrence Krauss
Legum Doctor
Leipzig
Leisure
Leonhard Euler
Lesbos
Leucippus
Lever
Leviathan and the Air-Pump
Liberal arts education
Library
Life sciences
Lime plaster
Linguistics
Linus Pauling
Lise Meitner
List of experiments
List of Latin phrases (E)
List of multiple discoveries
List of Nobel laureates
List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
List of timelines
List of years in science
Lithotomy
Liu Hui
Liver
Livy
Logic
Louis Agassiz
Louis Pasteur
Luigi Galvani
Lunar month
Lunar phase
Macroeconomics
Madhava of Sangamagrama
Madrasa
Magic (paranormal)
Magister degree
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Maize
Manhattan Project
Maragheh observatory
Marco Polo
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Marxian economics
Master's degree
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Mathematical analysis
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Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
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Maxwell's equations
McGraw-Hill
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Medical specialty
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Medicine man
Medieval university
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Meteorology
Method of exhaustion
Mexico
Michael Faraday
Michael Scotus
Microbiology
Microeconomics
Microsociology
Middle Ages
Migration Period
Mikhail Lomonosov
Miletus
Military strategy
Miller–Urey experiment
Milton Friedman
Mineralogy
Models of neural computation
Mohist
Molecular biology
Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids
Monastery
Mondino de Luzzi
Monetarism
Mongol conquests
Moon
Morpheme
Morris–Lecar model
Movable type
Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
Multiple discovery
Multistage rocket
Muslim world
Naïve empiricism
Napoleon Chagnon
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Natural gas
Natural history
Natural History (Pliny)
Natural philosophy
Natural science
Natural selection
Navigation
Near East
Neolithic
Neptune
Nervous system
Neurobiology
Neuroscience
Neurotransmission
Neutrino astronomy
New Classical economics
New Keynesian economics
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's laws of motion
Newtonian mechanics
Niccolò Machiavelli
Nicholas Steno
Nicolas Desmarest
Nicolas Steno
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicole Oresme
Niels Bohr
Nilakantha Somayaji
Nile river
Non-Euclidean geometry
Northern Renaissance
Observation
Occam's razor
Oceanography
Octahedral
Opinion poll
Optical amplifier
Optical isomerism
Opus Majus
Oral tradition
Organic chemistry
Otto Hahn
Otto Robert Frisch
Outline of Earth sciences
Oxford
Oxford Calculators
Oxygen
Pāṇini
Papal infallibility
Papermaking
Parabola
Parachute
Paris
Particle physics
Pascal's triangle
Pasteurization
Pax Mongolica
Peace studies
Periodic table
Peter Atkins
Peter Higgs
Petrified
PET scan
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of science
Phlogiston theory
Phoneme
Phonograph
Physical anthropology
Physical science
Physician
Physics
Physiological chemistry
Pi
Pierre Duhem
Pierre Fermat
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Macquer
Piston pump
Planet
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Plato
Platonic Academy
Plimpton 322
Pliny the Elder
Plough
Plutarch
Policy analysis
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Political geography
Political psychology
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Politician
Polybius
Polymath
Posidonius
Positivism
Postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Pottery
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Prayer
Prehistory
Present
Pre-Socratics
Preventive medicine
Printing
Propeller
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Protestant Reformation
Psephology
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Ptolemy
Public administration
Puerperal fever
Pythagoras
Pythagoreanism
Pythagorean theorem
Pythagorean triple
Quadrivium
Quantum mechanics
Qusta ibn Luqa
Rabies
Radar
Radio
Radioactivity
Radiometric dating
Radiotelescope
Raised-relief map
Ralph Alpher
Rational choice theory
Rationalization (sociology)
Raymond of Toledo
Reconquista
Relationship between religion and science
Relationship between science and religion
Religion
Renaissance
Renaissance Europe
René Descartes
Rhinoplasty
Rhodes
Richard Dawkins
Right triangle
Rigveda
Robert Boyle
Robert Brout
Robert Grosseteste
Robert Herman
Robert Hooke
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Rocket
Roderick Murchison
Roger Bacon
Roger Boesche
Roman Britain
Roman Catholic Church
Roman Empire
Roman Gaul
Roman Republic
Romanticism in science
Root
Rosalind Franklin
Royal Society
Roy Porter
Samos
Sanskrit
Scholar-official
Scholasticism
Science
Science and Civilisation in China
Science and technology in Canada
Science and technology in India
Science in classical antiquity
Science in medieval Islam
Science in Medieval Western Europe
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science studies
Science tourism
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Scientific method
Scientific racism
Scientific Revolution
Scientists
Scribe
Second World War
Seed drill
Seismometer
Series (mathematics)
Shaanxi
Shen Kuo
Siege of Baghdad (1258)
Sigmund Freud
Silt
Sine
SN 1987A
Social effect of evolutionary theory
Social science
Socratic method
Software engineering
Soil science
Solar neutrino problem
Solar System
Solar year
Song Empire
Sovereign state
Spacetime
Special relativity
Spherical Earth
Standard model
Star
Statics
Statistics
Stephen Kuffler
Stephen Tempier
Structural functionalism
Substantial form
Suleiman the Magnificent
Süleymaniye Mosque
Sumerian language
Supply and demand
Supply-side economics
Surgery
Surveying
Sushruta
Sushruta Samhita
Su Song
Suspension bridge
Swansea University
Symbolic interactionism
Synapses
Syriac language
Taihang Mountains
Talcott Parsons
Tang dynasty
Tantrasangraha
Taoists
Taxonomy (biology)
Technology
Television
Tertullian
Thales
The Age of Enlightenment
The Canon of Medicine
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Theophrastus
Theoretical linguistics
Theories and sociology of the history of science
The Origin of Species
Theory of impetus
Thermodynamics
The Sceptical Chymist
The Wealth of Nations
Third Dynasty of Ur
Thomas Browne
Thomas Burnet
Thomas Hobbes
Timaeus (dialogue)
Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys
Timeline of Islamic history
Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world
Timeline of scientific discoveries
Timeline of scientific experiments
Timeline of scientific thought
Timeline of the history of the scientific method
Toledo School of Translators
Tolkāppiyam
Tom Kibble
Torbern Bergman
Torquetum
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometry
Trivium
True north
Tsung-Dao Lee
Tycho Brahe
Underworld
Universe
Université libre de Bruxelles
University of Rochester
Upper class
Urea
Vaccine
Veda
Vedas
Vein
Vertebrate
Vesalius
Voltaire
Voting
Voting theory
W. E. B. Du Bois
Water clock
Wealth of Nations
Werner Heisenberg
Western Europe
Western Roman Empire
Whaling
Wheelbarrow
Wilhelm Dilthey
Wilhelm Wundt
William Cullen
William Gilbert (astronomer)
William Harvey
William James
William of Ockham
William Whewell
Women in science
Writing system
Wu experiment
Yan'an
Yu Hao
Zhang Heng
Zoology
Zu Chongzhi
SameAs
7504427-4
Bilim tarihi
Dejiny vedy
Dějiny vědy
Dîroka zanistê
Elm tarixi
Histoire des sciences
Historia da ciencia
História da ciência
Historia de la ciencia
Historia de la ciencia
Història de la ciència
Historia e shkencës
Historia nauki
Historia scientiae
Historija nauke
Historio de scienco
Historio di la cienco
History of science
History of science
Istoria științei
Istorija nauke
Kasaysayan ng agham
Lịch sử khoa học
m.03q 5
Povijest znanosti
Q201486
Sejarah ilmu
Stair na heolaíochta agus na teicneolaíochta
Storia della scienza
Tieteen historia
Tudománytörténet
Vetenskapshistoria
Videnskabshistorie
Vísindasaga
vRHW
Wetenschapsgeschiedenis
Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Zgodovina znanosti in tehnike
Zientziaren historia
Zinātnes vēsture
Ιστορία της επιστήμης
Історія науки
Гісторыя навукі
Илим тарыхы
История на науката
История науки
Ғылым тарихы
Գիտության պատմություն
היסטאריע פון וויסנשאפט
היסטוריה של המדע
تاريخ العلوم
تاریخ علم
مێژووی زانست
विज्ञान का इतिहास
विज्ञानेतिहासः
বিজ্ঞানের ইতিহাস
ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ
அறிவியலின் வரலாறு
ಆಧುನಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ
ശാസ്ത്രചരിത്രം
නවීන විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය
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科学史
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