Dynamic random-access memory

Dynamic random-access memory

Dynamic random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology. While most DRAM memory cell designs use a capacitor and transistor, some only use two transistors. In the designs where a capacitor is used, the capacitor can either be charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. The electric charge on the capacitors gradually leaks away; without intervention the data on the capacitor would soon be lost. To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh circuit which periodically rewrites the data in the capa

Comment
enDynamic random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology. While most DRAM memory cell designs use a capacitor and transistor, some only use two transistors. In the designs where a capacitor is used, the capacitor can either be charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. The electric charge on the capacitors gradually leaks away; without intervention the data on the capacitor would soon be lost. To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh circuit which periodically rewrites the data in the capa
Depiction
DRAM cell field (details).png
DRAM self-aligned storage node locations.png
MoSys MD908.png
MT4C1024-HD.jpg
NeXTcube motherboard.jpg
Olivetti JP90 - Toshiba TC518129CFWL-80 on controller-8514.jpg
Original 1T1C DRAM design.svg
Pair32mbEDO-DRAMdimms.jpg
SAMSUNG@DDR-SDRAM@64MBit@K4D62323HA-QC60 Stack-DSC03539-DSC03556 - ZS-DMap.jpg
SAMSUNG@QDDR3-SDRAM@256MBit@K5J55323QF-GC16 Stack-DSC01340-DSC01367 - ZS-retouched.jpg
Sapphire Ultimate HD 4670 512MB - Qimonda HYB18H512321BF-10-93577.jpg
Square array of mosfet cells read.png
Square array of mosfet cells write.png
Has abstract
enDynamic random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology. While most DRAM memory cell designs use a capacitor and transistor, some only use two transistors. In the designs where a capacitor is used, the capacitor can either be charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. The electric charge on the capacitors gradually leaks away; without intervention the data on the capacitor would soon be lost. To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh circuit which periodically rewrites the data in the capacitors, restoring them to their original charge. This refresh process is the defining characteristic of dynamic random-access memory, in contrast to static random-access memory (SRAM) which does not require data to be refreshed. Unlike flash memory, DRAM is volatile memory (vs. non-volatile memory), since it loses its data quickly when power is removed. However, DRAM does exhibit limited data remanence. DRAM typically takes the form of an integrated circuit chip, which can consist of dozens to billions of DRAM memory cells. DRAM chips are widely used in digital electronics where low-cost and high-capacity computer memory is required. One of the largest applications for DRAM is the main memory (colloquially called the "RAM") in modern computers and graphics cards (where the "main memory" is called the graphics memory). It is also used in many portable devices and video game consoles. In contrast, SRAM, which is faster and more expensive than DRAM, is typically used where speed is of greater concern than cost and size, such as the cache memories in processors. The need to refresh DRAM demands more complicated circuitry and timing than SRAM. This is offset by the structural simplicity of DRAM memory cells: only one transistor and a capacitor are required per bit, compared to four or six transistors in SRAM. This allows DRAM to reach very high densities with a simultaneous reduction in cost per bit. Refreshing the data consumes power and a variety of techniques are used to manage the overall power consumption. DRAM had a 47% increase in the price-per-bit in 2017, the largest jump in 30 years since the 45% jump in 1988, while in recent years the price has been going down. In 2018, a "key characteristic of the DRAM market is that there are currently only three major suppliers — Micron Technology, SK Hynix and Samsung Electronics" that are "keeping a pretty tight rein on their capacity.” There is also Kioxia (previously Toshiba Memory Corporation after 2017 spin-off). Other manufactures make and sell DIMMs (but not the DRAM chips in them), such as Kingston Technology, and some manufacturers that sell stacked DRAM (used e.g in the fastest exascale supercomputers), separately such as . Others sell such integrated into other products, such as Fujitsu into its CPUs, AMD in GPUs, and Nvidia, with HBM2 in some of their GPU chips.
Hypernym
Memory
Is primary topic of
Dynamic random-access memory
Label
enDynamic random-access memory
Link from a Wikipage to an external page
www.cs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn/294
books.google.com/books%3Fid=SrP3aWed-esC
books.google.com/books%3Fid=TgW3LTubREQC
www-1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/pseries/campaigns/chipkill.pdf
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/courses/cs252-s05/lectures/cs252s05-lec01-intro.ppt%23359,15,Memory%20Capacity%20%20(Single%20Chip%20DRAM
lwn.net/Articles/250967/
www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/462/mandelman.html
web.archive.org/web/20050322211513/http:/www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/462/mandelman.html%7Carchive-date=2005-03-22%7Clast1=Mandelman
web.archive.org/web/20151231134927/http:/patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser%3Fpatentnumber=3387286
arstechnica.com/paedia/r/ram_guide/ram_guide.part1-2.html
www.nepp.nasa.gov/docuploads/40D7D6C9-D5AA-40FC-829DC2F6A71B02E9/Scal-00.pdf
web.archive.org/web/20041103124422/http:/www.nepp.nasa.gov/docuploads/40D7D6C9-D5AA-40FC-829DC2F6A71B02E9/Scal-00.pdf
www.tezzaron.com/about/papers/soft_errors_1_1_secure.pdf
www.ece.umd.edu/~blj/papers/thesis-PhD-wang--DRAM.pdf%7Caccess-date=2007-03-10
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage
1T-SRAM
Active-low
Address bus
Apple Inc.
Application-specific integrated circuit
A-RAM
Atanasoff–Berry Computer
Background radiation
Bipolar transistor
Bipolar transistors
Bit
BitLocker Drive Encryption
Bit mask
Bletchley Park
Capacitance
Capacitor
CAS latency
Category:20th-century inventions
Category:American inventions
Category:Computer memory
Category:Types of RAM
Central processing unit
CNRS
Cold boot attack
Common-mode signal
Computer
Computer memory
Computer storage density
Cosmic ray
Coulomb
Counter (digital)
CPU cache
Cryptanalysis
Cypress Semiconductor
Data remanence
DDR3
DDR SDRAM
Die (integrated circuit)
Digital electronics
DIMM
Double data rate
DRAM price fixing
Dual in-line package
Dual-ported RAM
Dynamic logic (digital logic)
EDRAM
Electric charge
Electronic calculator
Embedded DRAM
Error-correcting code
Exascale
Export dumping
Farad
File:DRAM cell field (details).png
File:DRAM self-aligned storage node locations.png
File:MoSys MD908.png
File:MT4C1024-HD.jpg
File:NeXTcube motherboard.jpg
File:Olivetti JP90 - Toshiba TC518129CFWL-80 on controller-8514.jpg
File:Original 1T1C DRAM design.svg
File:Pair32mbEDO-DRAMdimms.jpg
File:SAMSUNG@DDR-SDRAM@64MBit@K4D62323HA-QC60 Stack-DSC03539-DSC03556 - ZS-DMap.jpg
File:SAMSUNG@QDDR3-SDRAM@256MBit@K5J55323QF-GC16 Stack-DSC01340-DSC01367 - ZS-retouched.jpg
File:Sapphire Ultimate HD 4670 512MB - Qimonda HYB18H512321BF-10-93577.jpg
File:Square array of mosfet cells read.png
File:Square array of mosfet cells write.png
FileVault
Flash memory
Flip-flop (electronics)
Floating body effect
Framebuffer
Fujitsu
GameCube
GDDR2
GDDR3
GDDR4
GDDR5
GDDR5X
GDDR6
GDDR6X
Gordon Moore
Graphics card
Graphics processing unit
Hamming code
HBM2
Home computer
Honeywell
Hynix
IBM PC
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Integrated circuit
Intel
Intel 1103
Interleaved memory
Inverter (logic gate)
JEDEC
JEDEC memory standards
Kingston Technology
Kioxia
List of device bit rates
Magnetic-core memory
Main memory
Matrox
Mebibit
Memory bank
Memory cell (computing)
Memory controller
Memory geometry
Memory refresh
Memory timings
Mercury chipset
Metal-oxide-semiconductor
Micron Technology
Microprocessor
Mostek
MoSys
Motherboard
Neutron
Nintendo
Noise (electronics)
Non-volatile memory
Nvidia
Open-source software
Photomask
Polyfuse (PROM)
Positive feedback
Processor register
Rage Pro
RAM parity
Random-access memory
Raytheon
RC time constant
Redundancy (engineering)
Refresh rate
Resistor
Retronym
Robert Dennard
Row hammer
Samsung
Samsung Electronics
Selectron tube
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor memory
Sense amplifier
Setup time
Silicon on insulator
SK Hynix
Soft error
Stacked DRAM
Static Random Access Memory
Static random-access memory
Sunnyvale, California
Supercomputer
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
System on a chip
Texture memory
Threshold voltage
Toshiba
Transistor
TrueCrypt
Tseng Labs
Tunnel diode
University of Granada
Vertical blanking interval
Video card
Video game
Video random access memory
Viking Technology
Volatile memory
Wang Laboratories
Wii
Williams tube
World War II
Zilog Z80
Z-RAM
SameAs
Dinamički RAM
Dinamiese ewetoeganklike geheue
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM
DRAM (bilgisayar)
Dünaamiline muutmälu
Dynamic random access memory
Dynamic Random Access Memory
Dynamic Random Access Memory
Dynamic random-access memory
Dynamic random-access memory
Dynamic random-access memory
Dynamiskt minne
Kujtesë hyrëse e fuqishme rastësore
m.0h3ltk5
m.0h43y
Mémoire vive dynamique
Memori akses acak dinamis
Memoria volatilis dynamica
Memorie DRAM
Pamięć dynamiczna (informatyka)
pVFh
Q189396
RAM động
Динамикалық жад
Динамичка меморија со случаен пристап
Динамички RAM
Динамична памет с произволен достъп
حافظه تصادفی پویا
ذاكرة وصول عشوائي ديناميكية
ഡൈനാമിക് റാൻഡം-ആക്സസ് മെമ്മറി
หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบพลวัต
动态随机存取存储器
동적 램
SeeAlso
Memory cell (computing)
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Subject
Category:20th-century inventions
Category:American inventions
Category:Computer memory
Category:Types of RAM
Thumbnail
MT4C1024-HD.jpg?width=300
WasDerivedFrom
Dynamic random-access memory?oldid=1124697429&ns=0
WikiPageLength
89972
Wikipage page ID
74567
Wikipage revision ID
1124697429
WikiPageUsesTemplate
a
Template:Anchor
Template:Authority control
Template:Citation style
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite journal
Template:Cite thesis
Template:Cite web
Template:DRAM
Template:Gaps
Template:Main
Template:Memory types
Template:Nbsp
Template:No
Template:Original research inline
Template:Overline
Template:Portal
Template:Redirect
Template:Reflist
Template:See also
Template:Short description
Template:Yes